Topics in Commerce
Advantages of division of labor Disadvantages of division of labor Types of specialization Specialization and Exchange Historical background of commerce in Nigeria Disadvantages of barter system Contract of Employment: Terms of employment contract Principle of Marketing: People as a marketing mix and their importance Principle of Marketing: Positioning as a marketing mix Principle of Marketing: Packaging as a marketing mix Elements of promotion in marketing mix Principle of Marketing: Promotion as a marketing mix Principle of Marketing: Place as a marketing mix Principle of Marketing: Price as a marketing mix Principles of Marketing: The seven principles of marketing mix Factors necessary for division of labour Disadvantages of division of labour Advantages of division of labour Concept of Outbound Marketing Inbound Marketing explainedAcademic Questions in Commerce
In commerce, the concept of paying in advanced is termed _____.
A. Advanced payment
B. Up payment
C. Forward payment
D. Prepayment
E. Uphill payment
F. Adpayment
In commerce, the concept of 'buy now, pay later' is termed _____.
A. Unadventurous payment
B. Buy on credit payment
C. Deferred payment
D. Postponed payment
E. Owed payment
F. Future payment
In commerce, which of the following is false with regards to a commodity?
A. A commodity must always have a market value
B. Rendered services are also instances of commodities
C. Products applicable to commodities can be bought or sold with money
D. A commodity must be standardized
E. A commodity must be usable upon delivery
F. Commodities can be traded in the futures market
Whatever is being marketed must always provide value to its potential consumers.
A. True
B. False
Which of the following is not a branch of marketing?
A. Merchandising
B. Promotions
C. Forex
D. Search Media Optimization
E. Social Media Optimization
F. Copywriting
Which of the following is not a characteristics of commerce?
A. The only aim of commerce is to make profit
B. It is a discontinuous process after profit had been made
C. It is accompanied with challenges and uncertainties
D. It is 100% business and economic activity
E. Transaction processes are always involved in commerce
F. It connects the process of production and marketing
Which of the following is not a function of commerce?
A. Unnecessary in times of emergencies like earthquakes and wars
B. Facilitates mass production of goods
C. Influences transportation network within and outside a state
D. Attempts to satisfy human needs and wants
E. Improves the standard of living
F. Acts as an online business link between buyers and sellers
One of the following is a form of division of labour.
Foreign trade (or international trade) is defined as the exchange of goods, services and capital between two or more nations.
Please read the introduction to foreign trade here.
In this article, we will look at the advantages of foreign trade.
The advantages of foreign trade can also be considered as the importance or benefits of foreign trade.
You can read on the disadvantages of foreign trade here.
Below are explanations on the advantages or importance of foreign trade:
Using the sale of phones as an instance, some phones may sell for over $400 while others with a similar operating system could sell for less than $100; all thanks to foreign trade.
In simple terms, imported commodities are approved into a country because of their relative cheapness and quality when compared to locally made commodities of similar value.
Please read on the scope and importance of business studies here.
Some developing countries are blessed with numerous natural and mineral resources. Unfortunately, they lack the facilities and machineries to make these natural resources into finished products. Foreign trade becomes important in regards to the utilization of these resources.
As an instance, Nigeria is one of the Africa's largest exporter of petroleum. In fact, the Nigerian national income is dependent on the sale of petroleum to other countries. This is what foreign trade entails.
Unfortunately, Nigeria imports the products of petroleum like petrol and kerosene at the time of publishing this article (2019). The point is: 'without foreign trade, petroleum may not have been properly utilized by Nigeria'.
On the positive side, the construction of Africa's largest refinery has commenced in Lagos, Nigeria. Aliko Dangote is the man responsible for this great development.
Please read on the generation of Petroleum via fractional distillation.
Some of the goods and products you enjoy in your country aren't manufactured by your country. However, you enjoy these imported products; all thanks to foreign trade.
Please read on commodity market here.
When certain products are produced in limited or insufficient amounts within a country, the price of such products will become inflated.
Through foreign trade, countries that manufacture a surplus of these products can export them at a cheaper price to those with deficits.
Please read more on supply here.
Meanwhile, understand that the above process will bring about price stability of the limited products manufactured within the country of deficit production.
Please read on the divisions of foreign trade here.
Air, water and land mode of transportation have been constantly improved on in order to encourage foreign trade.
As an instance, speed trains are constantly being developed while larger and advanced ships have been built for the sake of foreign trade.
Please read on the means and modes of transportation here.
Some countries have excellent road and rail networks that connects to neighboring countries for the purpose of improving foreign trade.
A country indebted to other countries may pay off her debts by exporting their products to these countries.
This is ideal since the indebted country may not have enough money to pay off their creditors.
Please read on the methods of payments here.
Foreign trade has brought about division of labour and specialization of production in various countries of the world.
As an instance, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Qatar are specialized in petroleum drilling and exportation. This singular act has generated trillions of dollars in these respective countries. In fact, this is the major source of their national revenue.
Please read more on division of labour here.
Foreign trade has proven to be crucial in poverty eradication especially in developing countries. Consider the instance below:
Nigeria imports various agricultural machineries and these have proven to boost its economy, alleviate poverty and provide more jobs. This is true because Nigeria presently has more active commercial farmers, more people managing these machines and ultimately, more jobs.
Please read on functions and importance of government here.
Shortage of food and other resources are the aftermath of wars and natural calamities like earthquakes and flood.
The above calamities will negatively and temporarily affect production within these periods. To this end, foreign trade and international aid serves as the last resort to stabilize the economy of the affected nations.
You can read on the problems of agriculture in Nigeria here.
Foreign trades have brought the people of various countries together. In this regard, Nigeria has a good business and civil relationship with China.
Some Nigerians are beginning to speak the Chinese language while others have married Chinese men and women as a result of the Nigerian/Chinese trade relationship.
Please read on the various forms of marriage here.
Monopoly exists where there are only few producers of certain goods and services.
Through foreign trade, citizens are free to import similar products thereby increasing the availability of substitute products in the market.
Please read on scale of preference and opportunity cost here.
When we have a variety of similar products in the market, consumers will have the option to choose. Also, monopoly of these products will be eradicated and prices will fall accordingly.
Without foreign trade, the citizens that make up a country may not enjoy some of the basic necessities of life, for instance food and drugs. As an instance, in Japan and UK, almost half of their food are imported from other countries.
In developing countries, certain drugs must be imported and this can be critical for national well being.
Please read on drugs and their side effects here.
Meanwhile, understand that the term 'national well being' relates to the good health of all citizens of a country.
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Amazing facts in Commerce
According to research, the problem isn't the amount of food produced; the actual problem is the distribution of these foods. In this regard, we actually produce enough food to feed everyone on earth, but their distribution remains an underlying problem
With Amazon Smile, you can donate 0.5 percent of your purchases to a charity of your choosing
Check it out here
The brewery, Sankt Gallen in Japan, produces a beer called Un Kono Kuro from elephant's dung
North Korea and Cuba are the only countries in the world where you can't buy Coca-Cola
Amazon is an e-commerce website launched in 1995. It did not make any profit for its first seven years.
Amazon's first profit was in 2003. Its founder 'Jeff Bezos' is the richest man in the world as at 2018/2019
Notable points in Commerce
The theory of international trade is guided by the principle of comparative cost. This principle was propounded by David Richards.
The principle of comparative cost states that a country should specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a greater comparative advantage or the least comparative disadvantage.
Below is an instance on the principle of comparative cost.
Now, let us assume we have two countries producing and exporting rice and beans respectively.
From the above instance, it can also be said that country B is at a disadvantage with regards to the production of rice and beans. Infact, it has a bigger comparative disadvantage with regards to beans production.
The point to note here is this: A country utilizing the principle of comparative cost will always produce quality goods and services at a cheaper cost.
No single country manufactures all the goods and services in our world. This implies that every country of the world relies on certain goods and services imported (or brought in) from other countries.
Foreign trade is defined as the exchange of goods, services and capital between two or more countries.
Foreign trade is also termed as international trade.
Division of labour can be defined as the act of splitting job process into a number of different processes such that each process is done by a different person or group of persons.
Through the process of division of labour, one worker may constantly perform a specific aspect of the job and as a result, may become specialized in that area.
The result of specialization in the different department of a job will imply the production of goods with better quality.
Forms of division of labour relates the various ways through which division of labour may be carried out.
Take for instance, within a country, one state may choose to specialize in the production of a cars while another specializes in a different area, let's say agriculture.
Below are the forms of division of labour
Complex division of labour
Occupational division of labour
Geographical division of labour
Balance of Trade can be defined as the total value of goods imported and exported by a country during a specific period; usually yearly or annually.
Balance of trade can be either positive, negative or zero
A positive balance of trade implies that a country exports more goods than its imports. China as a country is likely to have a positive balance of trade since it exports a variety of goods to other countries.
A negative balance of trade is often considered as an unfavorable balance of trade since the country's importation exceeds its exportation. Nigeria (as at 2018) is likely to have a negative balance of trade.
A zero balance of trade is reached when imports equal exports.
Please read on balance of trade and balance of payments here.