Ceramics may have constrasting physical and chemical properties (or characteristics); but in general,

1. They have high melting points.

2. They are heat resistant.

3. They can be very hard with great strength; although a few are brittle or soft; for example, graphite.

4. They are durable (last for a long time).

5. Most are electrical insulators (cannot conduct electricity) but; graphite is an electrical conductor.

6. They are chemically unreactive or inert.

7. They are not easily oxidized.

8. Most are non-magnetic.

Basic Technology

Our world will change for the better the moment we start accepting suffering; while also practically assisting and praying for those who suffer.

The beauty of Jesus' suffering is the many that will be saved by his blood.

Edison made 1,000 unsuccessful attempts at inventing the light bulb.

I don't believe I have special talents, I have persistence. After the first failure, second failure, third failure, I kept trying.

Carlo Rubbia, Nobel price winning physicist

Great success is built on failure, frustration, even catastrophy.

Sumner Redstone

Think about the suffering a woman in labour would pass through but after that comes the bigger joy of seeing her baby.

You can read on various motivational quotes here

CRS

According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP);

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Pain is a sign that something unpleasant is about to happen, is happening or had happened. It creates a memory to avoid facing another future (similar) danger. For instance, think of 'a baby and a fire'. The baby touched the fire previously and got hurt. Now when he encounters the fire, he won’t touch it.

As we grow, we experience different forms of suffering, some of which will define our destiny. Consider this instance of a legendary footballer below:

• Christiano Ronaldo is a footballer who had achieved greatness because he spent extra hours on trainings, fitness and hard-work. We can see the efforts of his work on the pitch. If he had gone about drinking, trying to avoid the stress and suffering of trainings, he may not have become what he is.

• Also, students suffer sleepless nights to get good grades.

Without suffering and pains, we would not properly understand the true meanings of love, joy, faith, hope, contentment, perseverance and victory. All of these things happen because of suffering.

Please read more on the beauty of suffering here

CRS

We have 3 main types or classes of rock based on how they are formed. These are:

1. Igneous Rock

 

2. Sedimentary Rock

 

3. Metamorphic Rock

Geography

Igneous rocks are formed when molten substances below the earth surface cools down and solidifies. These molten substances are called magma or lava. Magma can be derived from melting of existing rocks on the earth crust.

The solidification of molten magma into igneous rock may be below the earth's surface (intrusive) or on the earth's surface (extrusive), giving rise to the two types of igneous rock.

• Intrusive Igneous Rock: These are igneous rocks that crystallizes below the earth’s surface. They generally cool slowly during the process of solidification and tend to produce large crystals.

  Intrusive Igneous Rocks are also referred to as plutonic igneous rocks. Examples are gabbro, granite and pegmatite.

• Extrusive Igneous Rock: They are igneous rocks that form when molten magma erupts on top of the earth's surface. They cool down and solidify quickly, producing small crystals in the process. Sometimes, the molten magma cools so quickly, allowing no time for crystals to grow. This rapid cooling results in the formation of an amorphous glass.

  Extrusive Igneous Rocks are also referred to as volcanic igneous rocks. Examples are basalt, rhyolite and scoria.

Geography

Sedimentary rocks amount to about 76% of the earth's surface. They can be formed in different ways. These are:

• By the deposition of the weathered remains of pre-existing rocks and their subsequent transportation and deposition. Sedimentary rocks formed in this way are known as clastic sedimentary rock.

• By the accumulation and lithification of sediment or detrital rock.

• By their precipitation from solution. Sedimentary rocks formed in this way are known as chemical sedimentary rock.

• As a result of biogenic activities. Sedimentary rocks formed in this way are known as organic sedimentary rock.

Please read more on types of rocks here

Geography

Metamorphic rocks are formed from the transformation of an existing rock or original rock called protolith. The protolith may be an igneous rock or a sedimentary rock or another older metamorphic rock. Their transformation may be physical or chemical, requiring great heat and pressure.

Metamorphic rocks are always more dense and also less likely to be broken down by erosion when compared to igneous and sedimentary rocks. They make up about 12% of the earth crust and can also be formed beneath the earth surface.

Examples of metamorphic rocks are schist (a converted basalt), quartzite (a compressed sandstone), and marble (a compressed limestone or dolomite).

Geography

Computer Network is a group of computers that are linked to each other such that they can share resources.

Generally, these groups of computers that form a network are called nodes.

Some of these nodes will function to store information which will be served to other computers. The nodes that function to store and serve such information are known as servers.

Some of the computers (nodes) will request information from the server. The computers that functions to request information from the server are known as clients.

Please read on computer networks here

ICT

For a thing to be considered living, it must possess all the basic characteristics of life. These include:

1. Movement

2. Respiration

3. Nutrition

4. Irritability or Sensitivity

5. Growth

6. Excretion

7. Reproduction

8. Death

9. Adaptation

10. Competition

Please read the explanations on all the basic characteristics of life here

Biology

The classical mechanics (laws of motion) is a fundamental part of Physics.

Below are the Newton's laws of motion:

An object at rest will continue in its state of rest; while an object in uniform motion will continue in a straight line, unless an external force acts on it.

Newton's first law of motion.

Please read on motion and speed here.

The rate of change of momemtum is proportional to the applied force and will take place in the direction of that force.

Newton's second law of motion.

To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton's third law of motion.

Please read on Newton's laws of motion here.

Physics

The study of Thermodynamics revolves around the relationship between heat, temperature, energy and mechanical work; and these can be summarised under the 4 laws of Thermodynamics (numbered zero through three).

You can read on the concepts of heat and temperature here.

Below are the 4 laws of thermodynamics:

Zeroth law of thermodynamics – If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Please read on the zeroth law of Thermodynamics here.

1st law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.

You can read more on food chain here.

2nd law of thermodynamics – The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

3rd law of thermodynamics – As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

Physics

The Sovereignty of God simply implies that God is at the top of all things.

Below are some facts that expresses God's Sovereignty:

1. God is above all things and before all things.

2. God is the creator of all things.

3. God is omniscient. He knows all things: past, present and future.

4. God can do and accomplish all things.

5. God is in control of all things and rules over all things.

Please read more on the sovereignty of God with relevant bible quotations here.

CRS

There are about 630 different kinds of carnivorous plants.

Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients by consuming small animals, especially insects.

Carnivorous plants are also referred to as insectivorous plants.

Examples of carnivorous plants include sundew and Venus flytrap.

Please read more on carnivorous plants here

Agricultural Science

The eyebrow is an area of dense, delicate hair just above the eye.

Eyebrows perform two main functions:

1. Protects our eyes against sweat, rain, dirt and other atmospheric contaminants.
2. It helps us express our emotions.

Eyebrow modified in the form of Nike logo.

Understand that eyebrows can also be modified to enhance beauty.

Basic Science

During strenuous exercises like sprinting or running, your body may actually work in the shortage of oxygen. During this time, your body owes oxygen (called oxygen debt) and it must be replenished or repayed after the exercise is stopped. This is why you breathe excess of oxygen after you stopped the exercise.

This is the concept of anaerobic respiration

Biology

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