Bookkeeping can be defined as all the activities that have to do with the orderly classification and recording of financial data or business transaction.

Bookkeeping assist the process of accounting via the taking of an accurate record keeping.

Accountingis a field of study that covers the entire process and practice of managing the finances of an individual or an organization.

In smaller organizations, a bookkeeper’s job may go beyond simple transaction recording, as they may also be involved in the accounting process of the organization. On the other hand, accountants may have to record financial transaction in addition to analyzing financial transaction.

Please read more on bookkeeping and accounting alongside their differences here

Accounts

Below are the importance of bookkeeping in any organization:

• It brings accuracy into the recordings of the daily business transaction.

• They provide the information on which financial accounts are prepared.

• Aside from its importance in business organizations, it can also be used by nonprofit organizations and individuals.

• It can also take record of liabilities, assets and loans. This function of bookkeeping can be crucial for many businesses.

Please read more on bookkeeping and accounting here

Accounts

Joseph (in the old testament of the bible) is the 11^th son of Jacob out of 12 brothers. He is so loved by his father because he was born when his father was in his old age. When his brothers saw that their father loved him more than any of them, they hated the young innocent boy (Joseph). Meanwhile, his dad made a special coat for him.

According to the Bible (Genesis 37), Joseph is a dreamer boy (and also an excellent interpreter of dreams). This gift of his further made him an object of envy and hate among his brothers.

Out of envy, his brothers decided to kill him but God saved his life through one of them named Reuben. Reuben is the firstborn of Jacob's 12 children.

Please read more on Joseph's story here

CRS

By looks, Joseph is a handsome young man and Potipher’s wife could not take her seductive eyes off him. She made a series of sexual advances to Joseph but he clearly refused her in all the attempts she had made. Joseph showed discipline and fear of the Lord during this period of temptation.

After failed attempts to seduce Joseph, she finally got hold of a piece of Joseph’s garment when Joseph ran away from her sexual seduction. She became furious, perhaps afraid that Joseph might report her to Potipher, her husband. She therefore lied to Potipher that Joseph attempted to seduce her and she ran away grabbing a piece of Joseph’s clothing. She showed Potipher the cloth as a proof of her lies. For this reason, Potipher imprisoned Joseph.

Joseph had always prospered every where he found himself, and the prison is not an exception. Even in the prison, the warden promoted him by putting him in charge of all the prisoners.

Please read powerful and motivational quotes for students here

CRS

Below are some qualities of Joseph that made him a great leader in Egypt:

• Discipline: Joseph had every chance to commit sin with the King’s wife when he was tempted. However, because he had discipline over his body, he said no and eventually had himself imprisoned.

• Faithfulness: Joseph is a man of great faith. He believed completely in God and would rather suffer his body than to gratify it in adultery.
  He also proved his faith in Potipher’s business, showing that he can be trusted.
  You can read on the consequences of Adam and Eve's unfaithfulness here

• Humility: Even though he was the 11^th child of his father’s old age, he remained humble to his brothers when they hated him. His humility is one virtue that made him a great leader in Egypt.

• Gracious: Joseph was gracious to his brothers who betrayed him. He showed compassion and mercy in their time of greatest need. He gave them food and forgave them during the time of severe famine.

• Selfless: He gave his time to the service of others, interpreting dreams and helping them to successfully manage their affairs. This made him promoted in every situation he found himself, whether as a slave, a prisoner or a free man.

Please read more on the leadership qualities of Joseph here

CRS

To better understand the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, we need to know what thermal equilibrium is. This is explained below:

Two bodies A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium if each body can transfer heat to each other when placed closed together but ended up not transferring any heat to each other.

This will mean that both bodies are at equal temperature.

Now, according to the zeroth law, assuming we have three bodies namely X, Y and Z:

If X = Y and Z = Y, then X = Z

From the above expression, it will be observed that: if X and Y are in thermal equilibrium and Z and Y are in thermal equilibrium, therefore, X and Z must be in thermal equilibrium too.

So we can see that according to the zeroth law, temperature is a quantity worth measuring.

It can therefore be said that temperature is the quantity that remains constant (the same) for all systems in thermal equilibrium.

Consequently, the zeroth law of Thermodynamics states that if two separate bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other

Please read more on the zeroth law of thermodynamics here

Physics

Fundamental units are the units of fundamental quantities.

A fundamental unit is a unit that does not depend on any other unit; neither can it be changed nor is related to another fundamental unit.

A fundamental unit is also referred to as a basic unit.

Fundamental Units are always constant. This means that they don't change, (remains the same) and are standardized all over the world.

The fundamental quantities alongside their respective fundamental units are 7 in number. They include:

1. Mass (m) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is kilogram (kg)

2. Length (l) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is meter, (m)

3. Time (t) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is second (s)

4. Temperature (T) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is Kelvin (k)
   You can read on the Concept of Temperature and Heat here.

5. Electric Current (I) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is ampere (A)

6. Amount of Substance (n) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is mole (mol)

7. Luminous Intensity (|^v) is a fundamental quantity whose unit is candela (cd)

Please read more on fundamental units here

Physics

A major challenge encountered when calculating molecular mass is that it becomes difficult or impossible to calculate especially when the relative molecular mass of large molecules, polymers and macromolecules are involved.

Examples of large molecules (with indefinite molecular masses) include carbohydrates, cellulose and complex sugars.

The large molecules (above) have no specific chemical formula throughout their volume.

Please read more on carbohydrates and sugars here

Understand that Relative Molecular Mass prove to be useful only when we calculate substances with small and definite molecular sizes. This was proven through the modifications of Dalton's atomic theory.

Please read on Dalton's atomic theory and its modifications here.

Chemistry

Calculate the Relative Molecular Mass of methane (CH₄). (Carbon=12.001 and H=1.00794)

• Molecular Mass = Atomic mass of carbon + Atomic mass of Hydrogen

• Methane is composed of one atom of Carbon and 4 atoms of Hydrogen.

• 12.001 + (1.00794 x 4)

Molecular Mass of Methane = 16.033 amu

Please read more on molecular mass here

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Calculate the Relative Molecular Mass of water (H₂O). (Oxygen=15.9994 and Hydrogen=1.00794)

• Molecular Mass = Atomic mass of Hydrogen + Atomic mass of Oxygen

• Water contains 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.

• (1.00794 x 2) + 15.9994

Molecular Mass of Water = 18.015 Da

Please read on emperical formula and its calculations here

Chemistry

Preventive maintenance is carried out routinely on a device even though no apparent fault may be present on such device.

The goal of preventive maintenance as the name suggest is to prevent a sudden breakdown on a device or equipment.

As an instance, a person who services his or her car monthly even though the car is still able to function correctly is said to be carrying out preventive maintenance on the car.

In the course of a preventive maintenance, worn out parts may be discovered and replaced as soon as possible. Also, there may be a change of oil while other little adjustments may also be carried out.

We can even carry out preventive maintenance on our body to prevent certain diseases. For this reason, some persons have discovered cancerous cells in their body through regular medical checkup; and were able to kill such cells before they become malignant.

As a matter of fact; immunization is a form of preventive maintenance.

Please read more on immunization here.

Please read on maintenance and types of maintenance here

Basic Technology

Hardwoods are derived from angiosperms. They show the following characteristics:

1. They usually have a higher density than softwood. Balsa is an exception.

2. They are usually more expensive than softwood.

3. They grow at a slower rate than softwood.

4. Hardwood trees shed their leaves in certain times of the year.

5. Hardwood are more fire resistant than softwood.

6. The leaves of hardwood trees are evergreen.

7. They are used for making quality furniture (in terms of strength). They are also suitable for decking in buildings.

8. Hardwood trees always have divided trunks which are sometimes referred to as a dendritic form.

9. In terms of price, hardwood are usually more expensive than softwood.

Examples of hardwood include iroko, ash, beech, alder, teak, birch, mahogany, maple, oak, balsa and walnut.

Please read more on hardwood vs softwood here

Basic Technology

The atmosphere consists of gases that surround the entire surface of the spherical shaped earth. The compositions of these gases are as follows:

• Nitrogen (N₂): 78.09%
• Oxygen (O₂): 20.95%
• Argon (Ar): 0.93%
• Carbon(IV)oxide (CO₂): 0.036%
• Neon (Ne): 0.002%
• Krypto (Kr): 0.001%
• Helium (He): 0.0005%
• Xenon (Xe): 0.00009%
• Hydrogen (H₂): 0.00005%
• Water Vapour: Variable

All of these gases (listed above) make up the atmosphere and are generally called air.

Please read more on the atmosphere and it's composition here

Geography

Human Geography focuses on the study of human beings, their origin, race, and how they are affected by the earth.

Human geography can be divided into the following branches:

• Economic Geography: This aspect of human geography looks into the distribution of goods and services. Distribution of wealth across the globe is also considered here.

  Instances of economic geography include a study or research done on the richest nations on earth. During thus research, the processes accounting for their wealth are ascertained.




• Religious Geography: It studies the origin and spread of religious groups including their beliefs.

  Instances of religious geography include the study of the Christian or Islamic religion as seen in documentaries.




• Medical Geography: It studies the processes and events that bring about diseases and epidemics with regards to their geographical location, origin and distribution.

  As an instance, you may have heard about the geographical study and distribution of the disease 'COVID-19'. (Coronavirus is a case study here).

  Please read more on the branches of human geography here.

Geography

Dictatorship is one of the forms of government. It can exist either as:

1. Military Dictatorship
2. Civilian Dictatorship

In 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi became the first military Head of State in Nigeria after he overthrew a democratic and constitutional government (headed by the prime minister; Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa)

The above instance is a military form of dictatorship.

A typical example of a civilian dictatorship is Adolf Hitler of Germany and Joseph Stalin of Russia and Georgia

You can read more on dictatorship here

Government

A journal, also called book of original entry or book of primary entry or book of first entry or day book or chronological book is a book where daily transactions are recorded in a chronological order (the order of occurrence).

A journal contains the total record of all transactions made by a company. It can be distinguished into different types which will include:

• Sales Journal: For recording inventory and sales.

• Cash Receipts Journal: For recording money received from sales or cash inventory.

• Purchase Journal: For recording all purchases made by a company.

• General Journal and so on.

 

The content of a journal include the followings:

1. The date when the transaction occurred.

2. The description of the transaction.

3. Debits

4. Credits

5. Accounts affected

Accounts

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